+++
title = "Markdown syntax"
weight = 15
+++
Let's face it: Writing content for the Web is tiresome. WYSIWYG editors help alleviate this task, but they generally result in horrible code, or worse yet, ugly web pages.
**Markdown** is a better way to write **HTML**, without all the complexities and ugliness that usually accompanies it.
Some of the key benefits are:
1. Markdown is simple to learn, with minimal extra characters so it's also quicker to write content.
2. Less chance of errors when writing in Markdown.
3. Produces valid XHTML output.
4. Keeps the content and the visual display separate, so you cannot mess up the look of your site.
5. Write in any text editor or Markdown application you like.
6. Markdown is a joy to use!
John Gruber, the author of Markdown, puts it like this:
> The overriding design goal for Markdown’s formatting syntax is to make it as readable as possible. The idea is that a Markdown-formatted document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking like it’s been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While Markdown’s syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML filters, the single biggest source of inspiration for Markdown’s syntax is the format of plain text email.
> John Gruber
Without further delay, let us go over the main elements of Markdown and what the resulting HTML looks like:
{{% notice info %}}
Bookmark this page and the [official Commonmark reference](https://commonmark.org/help/) for easy future reference!
{{% /notice %}}
## Headings
Headings from `h1` through `h6` are constructed with a `#` for each level:
```markdown
# h1 Heading
## h2 Heading
### h3 Heading
#### h4 Heading
##### h5 Heading
###### h6 Heading
```
Renders to:
# h1 Heading
## h2 Heading
### h3 Heading
#### h4 Heading
##### h5 Heading
###### h6 Heading
HTML:
```html
h1 Heading
h2 Heading
h3 Heading
h4 Heading
h5 Heading
h6 Heading
```
## Comments
Comments should be HTML compatible
```html
```
Comment below should **NOT** be seen:
## Horizontal Rules
The HTML `
` element is for creating a "thematic break" between paragraph-level elements. In Markdown, you can create a `
` with `+++` - three consecutive dashes
renders to:
+++
## Paragraphs
Any text not starting with a special sign is written as normal, plain text and will be wrapped within `` tags in the rendered HTML.
So this body copy:
```markdown
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, graecis denique ei vel, at duo primis mandamus. Et legere ocurreret pri, animal tacimates complectitur ad cum. Cu eum inermis inimicus efficiendi. Labore officiis his ex, soluta officiis concludaturque ei qui, vide sensibus vim ad.
```
renders to this HTML:
```html
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, graecis denique ei vel, at duo primis mandamus. Et legere ocurreret pri, animal tacimates complectitur ad cum. Cu eum inermis inimicus efficiendi. Labore officiis his ex, soluta officiis concludaturque ei qui, vide sensibus vim ad.
```
## Text Markers
### Bold
For emphasizing a snippet of text with a heavier font-weight.
The following snippet of text is **rendered as bold text**.
```markdown
**rendered as bold text**
```
renders to:
**rendered as bold text**
and this HTML
```html
rendered as bold text
```
### Italics
For emphasizing a snippet of text with italics.
The following snippet of text is _rendered as italicized text_.
```markdown
_rendered as italicized text_
```
renders to:
_rendered as italicized text_
and this HTML:
```html
rendered as italicized text
```
### Strikethrough
In GFM (GitHub flavored Markdown) you can do strikethroughs.
```markdown
~~Strike through this text.~~
```
Which renders to:
~~Strike through this text.~~
HTML:
```html
Strike through this text.
```
## Blockquotes
For quoting blocks of content from another source within your document.
Add `>` before any text you want to quote.
```markdown
> **Fusion Drive** combines a hard drive with a flash storage (solid-state drive) and presents it as a single logical volume with the space of both drives combined.
```
Renders to:
> **Fusion Drive** combines a hard drive with a flash storage (solid-state drive) and presents it as a single logical volume with the space of both drives combined.
and this HTML:
```html
Fusion Drive combines a hard drive with a flash storage (solid-state drive) and presents it as a single logical volume with the space of both drives combined.
```
Blockquotes can also be nested:
```markdown
> Donec massa lacus, ultricies a ullamcorper in, fermentum sed augue. Nunc augue augue, aliquam non hendrerit ac, commodo vel nisi.
>
> > Sed adipiscing elit vitae augue consectetur a gravida nunc vehicula. Donec auctor odio non est accumsan facilisis. Aliquam id turpis in dolor tincidunt mollis ac eu diam.
>
> Mauris sit amet ligula egestas, feugiat metus tincidunt, luctus libero. Donec congue finibus tempor. Vestibulum aliquet sollicitudin erat, ut aliquet purus posuere luctus.
```
Renders to:
> Donec massa lacus, ultricies a ullamcorper in, fermentum sed augue. Nunc augue augue, aliquam non hendrerit ac, commodo vel nisi.
>
> > Sed adipiscing elit vitae augue consectetur a gravida nunc vehicula. Donec auctor odio non est accumsan facilisis. Aliquam id turpis in dolor tincidunt mollis ac eu diam.
>
> Mauris sit amet ligula egestas, feugiat metus tincidunt, luctus libero. Donec congue finibus tempor. Vestibulum aliquet sollicitudin erat, ut aliquet purus posuere luctus.
## Lists
### Unordered
A list of items in which the order of the items does not explicitly matter.
You may use any of the following symbols to denote bullets for each list item:
```markdown
* valid bullet
- valid bullet
+ valid bullet
```
For example
```markdown
+ Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
+ Consectetur adipiscing elit
+ Integer molestie lorem at massa
+ Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
+ Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
- Phasellus iaculis neque
- Purus sodales ultricies
- Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem
- Ac tristique libero volutpat at
+ Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
+ Aenean sit amet erat nunc
+ Eget porttitor lorem
```
Renders to:
+ Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
+ Consectetur adipiscing elit
+ Integer molestie lorem at massa
+ Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
+ Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
- Phasellus iaculis neque
- Purus sodales ultricies
- Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem
- Ac tristique libero volutpat at
+ Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
+ Aenean sit amet erat nunc
+ Eget porttitor lorem
And this HTML
```html
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
- Consectetur adipiscing elit
- Integer molestie lorem at massa
- Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
- Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
- Phasellus iaculis neque
- Purus sodales ultricies
- Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem
- Ac tristique libero volutpat at
- Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
- Aenean sit amet erat nunc
- Eget porttitor lorem
```
### Ordered
A list of items in which the order of items does explicitly matter.
```markdown
1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
4. Consectetur adipiscing elit
2. Integer molestie lorem at massa
8. Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
4. Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
99. Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
21. Aenean sit amet erat nunc
6. Eget porttitor lorem
```
Renders to:
1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
2. Consectetur adipiscing elit
3. Integer molestie lorem at massa
4. Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
5. Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
6. Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
7. Aenean sit amet erat nunc
8. Eget porttitor lorem
And this HTML:
```html
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
- Consectetur adipiscing elit
- Integer molestie lorem at massa
- Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
- Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
- Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
- Aenean sit amet erat nunc
- Eget porttitor lorem
```
{{% notice tip %}}
If you just use `1.` for each number, Markdown will automatically number each item. For example:
{{% /notice %}}
```markdown
1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
1. Consectetur adipiscing elit
1. Integer molestie lorem at massa
1. Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
1. Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
1. Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
1. Aenean sit amet erat nunc
1. Eget porttitor lorem
```
Renders to:
1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
2. Consectetur adipiscing elit
3. Integer molestie lorem at massa
4. Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
5. Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
6. Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
7. Aenean sit amet erat nunc
8. Eget porttitor lorem
## Code
### Inline code
Wrap inline snippets of code with `` ` ``.
```markdown
In this example, `` should be wrapped as **code**.
```
Renders to:
In this example, `` should be wrapped as **code**.
HTML:
```html
In this example, <div></div> should be wrapped as code.
```
### Indented code
Or indent several lines of code by at least two spaces, as in:
```markdown
// Some comments
line 1 of code
line 2 of code
line 3 of code
```
Renders to:
// Some comments
line 1 of code
line 2 of code
line 3 of code
HTML:
```html
// Some comments
line 1 of code
line 2 of code
line 3 of code
```
### Block code "fences"
Use "fences" ```` ``` ```` to block in multiple lines of code.
````plaintext
```
Sample text here...
```
````
HTML:
```html
Sample text here...
```
### Syntax highlighting
GFM, or "GitHub Flavored Markdown" also supports syntax highlighting. To activate it, usually you simply add the file extension of the language you want to use directly after the first code "fence", ` ```js `, and syntax highlighting will automatically be applied in the rendered HTML.
See [Code Highlighting]({{% relref "syntaxhighlight" %}}) for additional documentation.
For example, to apply syntax highlighting to JavaScript code:
````plaintext
```js
grunt.initConfig({
assemble: {
options: {
assets: 'docs/assets',
data: 'src/data/*.{json,yml}',
helpers: 'src/custom-helpers.js',
partials: ['src/partials/**/*.{hbs,md}']
},
pages: {
options: {
layout: 'default.hbs'
},
files: {
'./': ['src/templates/pages/index.hbs']
}
}
}
};
```
````
Renders to:
```js
grunt.initConfig({
assemble: {
options: {
assets: 'docs/assets',
data: 'src/data/*.{json,yml}',
helpers: 'src/custom-helpers.js',
partials: ['src/partials/**/*.{hbs,md}']
},
pages: {
options: {
layout: 'default.hbs'
},
files: {
'./': ['src/templates/pages/index.hbs']
}
}
}
};
```
## Tables
Tables are created by adding pipes as dividers between each cell, and by adding a line of dashes (also separated by bars) beneath the header. Note that the pipes do not need to be vertically aligned.
```markdown
| Option | Description |
| ++++++ | +++++++++-- |
| data | path to data files to supply the data that will be passed into templates. |
| engine | engine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default. |
| ext | extension to be used for dest files. |
```
Renders to:
| Option | Description |
| ++++++ | +++++++++-- |
| data | path to data files to supply the data that will be passed into templates. |
| engine | engine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default. |
| ext | extension to be used for dest files. |
And this HTML:
```html
| Option |
Description |
| data |
path to data files to supply the data that will be passed into templates. |
| engine |
engine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default. |
| ext |
extension to be used for dest files. |
```
### Right aligned text
Adding a colon on the right side of the dashes below any heading will right align text for that column.
```markdown
| Option | Description |
| ++++++:| +++++++++--:|
| data | path to data files to supply the data that will be passed into templates. |
| engine | engine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default. |
| ext | extension to be used for dest files. |
```
| Option | Description |
| ++++++:| +++++++++--:|
| data | path to data files to supply the data that will be passed into templates. |
| engine | engine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default. |
| ext | extension to be used for dest files. |
### Two tables adjacent
| Option | Description |
| ++++++ | +++++++++-- |
| ext | extension to be used for dest files. |
| Option | Description |
| ++++++ | +++++++++-- |
| ext | extension to be used for dest files. |
## Links
### Basic link
```markdown
[Assemble](http://assemble.io)
```
Renders to (hover over the link, there is no tooltip):
[Assemble](http://assemble.io)
HTML:
```html
Assemble
```
### Add a tooltip
```markdown
[Upstage](https://github.com/upstage/ "Visit Upstage!")
```
Renders to (hover over the link, there should be a tooltip):
[Upstage](https://github.com/upstage/ "Visit Upstage!")
HTML:
```html
Upstage
```
### Named Anchors
Named anchors enable you to jump to the specified anchor point on the same page. For example, each of these chapters:
```markdown
# Table of Contents
* [Chapter 1](#chapter-1)
* [Chapter 2](#chapter-2)
* [Chapter 3](#chapter-3)
```
will jump to these sections:
```markdown
## Chapter 1
Content for chapter one.
## Chapter 2
Content for chapter one.
## Chapter 3
Content for chapter one.
```
**NOTE** that specific placement of the anchor tag seems to be arbitrary. They are placed inline here since it seems to be unobtrusive, and it works.
## Images {#images}
Images have a similar syntax to links but include a preceding exclamation point.
```markdown
```
or
```markdown
```
Like links, Images also have a footnote style syntax
### Alternative usage : note images
```markdown
![Alt text][id]
```
![Alt text][id]
With a reference later in the document defining the URL location:
[id]: https://octodex.github.com/images/dojocat.jpg "The Dojocat"
[id]: https://octodex.github.com/images/dojocat.jpg "The Dojocat"
### Further image formatting
The Hugo Markdown parser supports additional non-standard functionality.
#### Resizing image
Add HTTP parameters `width` and/or `height` to the link image to resize the image. Values are CSS values (default is `auto`).
```markdown
```
```markdown
```
```markdown
```
#### Add CSS classes
Add a HTTP `classes` parameter to the link image to add CSS classes. `shadow`and `border` are available but you could define other ones.
```markdown
```
```markdown
```
```markdown
```
#### Lightbox
Add a HTTP `featherlight` parameter to the link image to disable lightbox. By default lightbox is enabled using the featherlight.js plugin. You can disable this by defining `featherlight` to `false`.
```markdown
```
